Adult bull introduced reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) before eradication in Stromness Bay, South Georgia, Polar Regions

reindeer adult reindeer grazing polar regions wildlife extinction species control animal behavior ecosystem invasive species nature landscape fauna biodiversity conservation wildlife management temperate grasslands habitat arctic habitat restoration natural environment climatic adaptation animal movement population dynamics migration herbivores ecological impact island ecology land use ruminants terrestrial mammals north atlantic grazing patterns herd dynamics wildlife observation reindeer population invasive management environmental science animal husbandry native species reindeer antlers wild animals adult bull introduced rangifer