Palm plantation colonized by invasive Sodom apple plant (Calotropis procera), Sharaan Nature Reserve, AlUla, Medina Province, Saudi Arabia

sodom apple calotropis procera palm plantation invasive species alula medina province saudi arabia middle east ecology biodiversity landscape flora yellow stems desert vegetation agriculture local fauna conservation habitat plant invasion natural reserve growth palms nature ecosystem environment arid dry climate sunlight endemic flowers green foliage dynamics seasonal change impact wildlife