Wooden groyne coastal defenses at Porlock Beach, Exmoor National Park, Somerset, England, United Kingdom. Europe

Weathered wooden coastal defenses on Bossington Beach, Exmoor National Park, Somerset, England, United Kingdom, Europe

St. David's Battery, UNESCO, four guns installed 1910 by British to defend deep water channel leading to Royal Navy Dockyard and Hamilton, Bermuda

Tilbury Fort, Tilbury, Essex, England, United Kingdom, Europe

Smashed concrete sea defenses at Ulrome near Skipsea on Yorkshires East Coast, UK. The sea has eroded past the barriers and left them stranded further down the beach. The coast is composed of soft boulder clays, very vulnerable to coastal erosion. This section of coast has been eroding since Roman times, with many villages having disappeared into the sea, and is the fastest eroding coast in Europe. Climate change is speeding up the erosion, with sea level rise, increased stormy weather and increased heavy rainfall events, all playing their part.

England, West Sussex; Bognor Regis, Wooden groynes at low tide used as sea defences against erosion of the shingle pebble beach seen through metal railings with colourful flags on the pier.