Antarctic fur seal male and female (Arctocephalus gazella) at Stromness Bay on South Georgia, Polar Regions

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking juvenile Adelie penguins at Brown Bluff near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) killing and eating a juvenile Adelie penguin at Brown Bluff, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) killing and eating a juvenile Adelie penguin at Brown Bluff, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) killing and eating a juvenile Adelie penguin at Brown Bluff, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) killing and eating a juvenile Adelie penguin at Brown Bluff, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking juvenile Adelie penguins on ice at Brown Bluff, Antarctic Peninsula.

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) breeding and nesting colony on South Georgia Island, Southern Ocean, Polar Regions

Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua), underwater in clear water in Lindblad Cove, Trinity Peninsula, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua), underwater in clear water in Lindblad Cove, Trinity Peninsula, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Sunrise on king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) at nesting and breeding colony at Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Polar Regions

People viewing African penguins on Boulders Beach, Seaforth, Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, Africa

Southern Elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) female and pup on snow, King penguins behind, Salisbury Plains, South Georgia Island, Antarctic, Polar Regions

Hikers climbing Half Moon Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Male Southern Elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) with female on snow, King penguins behind, Salisbury Plain, South Georgia Island, Antarctic, Polar Regions

Gentoo penguin. Pygoscelis papua. Royal bay, south georgia, antarctica

Adult gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) mating on Barrentos Island in the Aitchi Island Group, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) split view underwater in the Galapagos Island Group, Ecuador

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) split view underwater in the Galapagos Island Group, Ecuador

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) split view underwater in the Galapagos Island Group, Ecuador

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) chick head detail at colony on Useful Island near the Antarctic Peninsula. There are an estimated 2 million breeding pairs of chinstrap penguins in the Antarctic peninsula region alone, perhaps as many as 7.5 million breeding pairs in all of Antarctica. Their name derives from the narrow black band under their heads which makes it appear as if they are wearing black helmets, making them one of the most easily identified types of penguin. Other names for them are "Ringed Penguins", "Bearded Penguins", and "Stonecracker Penguins" due to their harsh call. They grow to 68 cm (27 in). The average adult weight of a Chinstrap Penguin is 4.5 kg (10 lbs). Weight can range from 3 to 6 kg (6.6-13.2 lbs), with males being slightly larger and weight varying based on where the penguin is in the breeding cycle. Their diet consists of krill, shrimp, and fish. On land they build circular nests from stones, and lay two eggs, which are incubated by both the male and the female for shifts of five to ten days. They can also breed on icebergs, though they prefer non-icy conditions. The chicks hatch after about 35 days, and have fluffy gray backs and white fronts. The chicks stay in the nest for 20?30 days before they go to join a creche. At around 50?60 days old, they moult, gaining their adult plumage and go to sea. The Chinstrap Penguin was first described by German naturalist Forster in 1781. Its specific epithet was often seen as antarctica, however a 2002 review determined the genus Pygoscelis was masculine, and hence the correct binomial name is Pygoscelis antarcticus.

Adult Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) split view underwater in the Galapagos Island Group, Ecuador

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) mating in Neko Harbour in Andvord Bay, Antarctica

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) killing and eating a juvenile Ad?lie penguin at Brown Bluff near the Antarctic Peninsula, Southern Ocean

Adult Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) split view underwater in the Galapagos Island Group, Ecuador

Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus gazella) on the island of South Georgia, Southern Atlantic Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) mating (male on top), Cuverville Island, Antarctica, Southern Ocean.

Chinstrap penguin pair (Pygoscelis antarctica) at colony on Bailey Head on Deception Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

Adult Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) pair mating in the Galapagos Island Group, Ecuador

Guest from the Lindblad Expedition ship National Geographic Explorer with gentoo penguin chick in Antarctica

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Guests from the Lindblad Expedition ship National Geographic Explorer kayaking in and around the Antarctic Peninsula in the summer months.

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Guests from the Lindblad Expedition ship National Geographic Explorer kayaking in and around the Antarctic Peninsula in the summer months.

Chinstrap penguin pair (Pygoscelis antarctica) mating at a breeding colony on Barrentos Island in the Aitcho Island Group in the South Shetland Islands near the Antarctic Peninsula

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Chinstrap penguin pair mating (Pygoscelis antarctica) at breeding colony on Bailey Head on Deception Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Chinstrap penguin pair mating (Pygoscelis antarctica) at breeding colony on Bailey Head on Deception Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) breeding and nesting colonies on South Georgia Island, Southern Ocean.

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) parent and chick at breeding colony on Useful Island near the Antarctic Peninsula

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) tobogganing on sea ice with admirers near Snow Hill Island in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica.

Guests from the Lindblad Expedition ship National Geographic Explorer kayaking in and around the Antarctic Peninsula in the summer months.

Guests from the Lindblad Expedition ship National Geographic Explorer kayaking in and around the Antarctic Peninsula in the summer months.

The Lindblad Expedition Ship National Geographic Explorer operating in Antarctica in the summer months.

Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) bathing en masse in Antarctica, Southern Ocean

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) walking in front of a mating Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina), St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia Island

Southern Elephant Seals (Mirounga leonina) mating, St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia Island

King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), pair of animals, Volunteer Point, Falkland Islands, Great Britain, South America

Couple of King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia Island

Couple of King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia Island

African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), adult, pair, on the beach, copula, Boulders Beach, Simonstown, Western Cape, South Africa, Africa

African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), adult, two juveniles, siblings, on the beach, feeding, social behaviour, Boulders Beach, Simonstown, Western Cape, South Africa, Africa

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), with xoung animal, Falkland Islands, South America

Woman at the Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) colony in Antarctica, Antartica

Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) parents with chick, Weddell Sea, Antarctica,

Mating Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome), subspecies Southern R. Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome, during spring on Saunders Island. South America, Falkland Islands, October

King penguin (Aptenodyptes patagonicus), Volunteer Point, East Falkland, January 2018

King penguins mating (Aptenodytes patagonicus), Volunteer Point, East Falkland, Falklands