Juvenile Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), Fernandina Island, Galapagos Islands, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Ecuador, South America

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) killing and eating a juvenile Adélie penguin at Brown Bluff, Antarctic Peninsula.

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking juvenile Adélie penguins on ice at Brown Bluff, Antarctic Peninsula.

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking juvenile Adélie penguins at Brown Bluff near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) killing and eating a juvenile Adélie penguin at Brown Bluff, Antarctic Peninsula.

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) killing and eating a juvenile Adélie penguin at Brown Bluff, Antarctic Peninsula.

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) killing and eating a juvenile Adélie penguin at Brown Bluff, Antarctic Peninsula.

Adult and juvenile king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), at breeding colony at Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Polar Regions

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) adult and chick at breeding and nesting colony at Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Polar Regions

Northern giant petrel (Macronectes halli) amongst king penguin chicks at Gold Harbour, South Georgia, Southern Ocean, Polar Regions

Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica), ecstatic display at breeding colony at Half Moon Island, Antarctica, Polar Regions

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) chicks (okum boys) at nesting colony at Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Polar Regions

Macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) scrambling up steep cliffs at Hercules Bay on South Georgia Island, Polar Regions

Chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica), ecstatic display at breeding colony at Half Moon Island, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica), at breeding colony at Half Moon Island, Antarctica, Southern Ocean, Polar Regions

A rare melanistic king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus), feeding its okum boy chick at Fortuna Bay, South Georgia Island, Polar Regions

Above and below water view of kelp in Hercules Bay, South Georgia, Polar Regions

A rare melanistic king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus), feeding its okum boy chick at Fortuna Bay, South Georgia Island, Polar Regions

Adult and juvenile king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), at breeding colony at Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Polar Regions

Juvenile king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) at breeding colony at Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Polar Regions

King penguin chick (Aptenodytes patagonicus), ecstatic display in Gold Harbor, South Georgia, Polar Regions

Adult and juvenile king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), at breeding colony at Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Polar Regions

A juvenile Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) with a flightless cormorant, Isabela Island, Galapagos, Ecuador, South America

Gentoo penguin. Pygoscelis papua. Royal bay, south georgia, antarctica

Gentoo penguin. Pygoscelis papua. Chick. Wiencke island. Antarctica

Gentoo penguins. Pygoscelis papua. Juvenile gentoos hanging around a pool. Antarctica

Molting gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) feather detail in Antarctica

Adelie penguin chick (Pygoscelis adeliae) fledging its downy feathers for the adult feathers underneath on Devil Island, Antarctica.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) chicks covered with mud and guano on Cuverville Island, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) tobogganing near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) pup (often called "weaners" once their mothers stop nursing them) on South Georgia Island in the Southern Ocean

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) breeding and nesting colony on South Georgia Island, Southern Ocean.

Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) in Antarctica

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent feeding downy chick on Pleneau Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Adult gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) trying to avoid hungry chick in Antarctica

King Penguin (Aptenodytes Patagonicus) protecting its chick. Sandy Bay, Macquarie Island, Subantarctic Australia.

Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) chick head detail at colony on Useful Island near the Antarctic Peninsula. There are an estimated 2 million breeding pairs of chinstrap penguins in the Antarctic peninsula region alone, perhaps as many as 7.5 million breeding pairs in all of Antarctica. Their name derives from the narrow black band under their heads which makes it appear as if they are wearing black helmets, making them one of the most easily identified types of penguin. Other names for them are "Ringed Penguins", "Bearded Penguins", and "Stonecracker Penguins" due to their harsh call. They grow to 68 cm (27 in). The average adult weight of a Chinstrap Penguin is 4.5 kg (10 lbs). Weight can range from 3 to 6 kg (6.6-13.2 lbs), with males being slightly larger and weight varying based on where the penguin is in the breeding cycle. Their diet consists of krill, shrimp, and fish. On land they build circular nests from stones, and lay two eggs, which are incubated by both the male and the female for shifts of five to ten days. They can also breed on icebergs, though they prefer non-icy conditions. The chicks hatch after about 35 days, and have fluffy gray backs and white fronts. The chicks stay in the nest for 20?30 days before they go to join a creche. At around 50?60 days old, they moult, gaining their adult plumage and go to sea. The Chinstrap Penguin was first described by German naturalist Forster in 1781. Its specific epithet was often seen as antarctica, however a 2002 review determined the genus Pygoscelis was masculine, and hence the correct binomial name is Pygoscelis antarcticus.

Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) chick, Hannah Point, Antarctica, Southern Ocean.

A leucistic Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) adult feeding its "normal" colored chicks on Devil Island near the Antarctic Peninsula

Curious king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) breeding and nesting colony at St. Andrews Bay on South Georgia, Southern Ocean.

The Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), Argentina, South America

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent with two downy chicks on Pleneau Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) at a breeding and molting site in Estancia San Lorenzo on Peninsula Valdez, Patagonia, Argentina, South Atlantic

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) chicks covered with mud and guano on Cuverville Island, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Young southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) on the beach at South Georgia in the Southern Ocean

The Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), Argentina

Head detail of molting gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) in Antarctica

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

A parent and chick Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) on Paulet Island on the Northeast side of the Antarctic Peninsula.

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) adult and chick at breeding and nesting colony at Salisbury Plains in the Bay of Isles, South Georgia, Southern Ocean.

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) chick, fat after being fed, Paulet Island, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) killing and eating a juvenile Ad?lie penguin at Brown Bluff near the Antarctic Peninsula, Southern Ocean

King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) in downy plumage (often called "okum boys") on South Georgia Island, Southern Ocean.

Young southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) on the beach at South Georgia in the Southern Ocean

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent with downy chick on Petermann Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Fighting young Royal Penguins (Eudyptes Schlegeli). Sandy Bay, Macquarie Island, Subantarctic Australia.

Young rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi) molting on Nightingale Island in the Tristan da Cunha Island Group, South Atlantic Ocean

Adult king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) in the act of feeding chick on South Georgia Island, Southern Ocean.

Adult Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) avoiding hungry chick in Antarctica

King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) parent with hungry chick on South Georgia Island, southern Atlantic Ocean.

A lone molting adult chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) in tussock grass on Prion Island in the Bay of Isles near South Georgia Island, South Atlantic Ocean.

Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) with chick, Hannah Point, Antarctica, Southern Ocean.

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Gentoo penguin parent (Pygoscelis papua) with chicks in Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent with two downy chicks on Pleneau Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Juvenile Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) in the Galapagos Island Group, Ecuador

Gentoo penguin adult (Pygoscelis papua) on hatching egg in Antarctica

Young southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) on the beach at South Georgia in the Southern Ocean

Young southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) on the beach at South Georgia in the Southern Ocean

Adult Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) feeding chick in Antarctica

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) adult feeding chick on Devil Island near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) adult feeding chick, fat after being fed, Paulet Island, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) in downy plumage (often called "okum boys") on South Georgia Island, Southern Ocean.

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent feeding regurgitated krill to hungry chick in Antarctica.

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent with two downy chicks on Pleneau Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) parent with hungry chick on South Georgia Island, southern Atlantic Ocean.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) adults with chicks in Antarctica

Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) at a breeding and molting site on East Island, Falkland Islands, South Atlantic

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) chicks creching on Devil Island on the Northeast side of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua) chick fledging in snow flurries in Antarctica.

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) chick in Antarctica

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent feeding chicks on Petermann Island near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent feeding downy chick on Jougla Point, Wiencke Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

The Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), Argentina, South America

Guest from the Lindblad Expedition ship National Geographic Explorer with gentoo penguin chick in Antarctica

King Penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) with chick "okum boy" on South Georgia Island, southern Atlantic Ocean.

Gentoo penguin parent (Pygoscelis papua) with chicks in Antarctica, Southern Ocean

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) chick with parent on South Georgia Island, southern Atlantic Ocean.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) chick in Antarctica

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) with chicks,Cuverville Island, Antarctica, Southern Ocean.

Young king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) molting near colony of nesting animals on Salisbury Plain on South Georgia Island

Gentoo penguin parent (Pygoscelis papua) with chicks in Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) molting in Antarctica

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) adults with chicks in Antarctica