Rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome) portrait, Rockhopper Point, Sea Lion Island, Falkland Islands, South America

Adult gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) molting feathers at Saunders Island, West Falkland Islands, UK Overseas Protectorate, South America

Penguin on a beach with clear blue water and swimmers in the background at London Zoo, London, England, United Kingdom, Europe

Adult gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) moulting, Jougla Point, Wiencke Island, Antarctica, Southern Ocean, Polar Regions

A Magellanic penguin shaking water off its feathers after a swim, Martillo Island, Argentina, South America

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) detail at breeding and nesting colony at St. Andrews Bay on South Georgia, Southern Ocean, Polar Regions

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) breeding and nesting colony at St. Andrews Bay on South Georgia, Southern Ocean, Polar Regions

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) detail at breeding and nesting colony at St. Andrews Bay on South Georgia, Southern Ocean, Polar Regions

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) adult feeding chick at breeding and nesting colony at St. Andrews Bay on South Georgia, Southern Ocean, Polar Regions

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) adult and chick at breeding and nesting colony at Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Polar Regions

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) adult and chick at breeding and nesting colony at Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Polar Regions

Adelie penguin losing down feathers on ice, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Adult gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), with very small white ocular patch at Brown Bluff near the Antarctica, Polar Regions

Gentoo penguin lying down in sleet, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region, Punta Arenas, Chile, South America

Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region, Punta Arenas, Chile, South America

Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region, Punta Arenas, Chile, South America

Adult king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) amongst chicks at breeding colony at Gold Harbour, South Georgia Island, Polar Regions

Antarctic shag (Phalacrocorax atriceps bransfieldensis), in flight with nesting material in its beak at Jougla Point, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Adult gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), returning from the sea at Booth Island, Antarctica, Southern Ocean, Polar Regions

Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region, Punta Arenas, Chile, South America

Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region, Punta Arenas, Chile, South America

A rare melanistic king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus), feeding its okum boy chick at Fortuna Bay, South Georgia Island, Polar Regions

Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region, Punta Arenas, Chile, South America

Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region, Punta Arenas, Chile, South America

Long-tailed meadowlark (Leistes loyca) foraging in grassland dotted with moulted penguin feathers, Falkland Islands, South America

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) chick molting its downy feathers at Gold Harbor, South Georgia, Polar Regions

Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) molting feathers near gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), on Saunders Island, West Falkland Islands, UK Overseas Protectorate, South America

Magellanic Penguin showing natural oil on its feathers at Sea Lion Island, Falkland Islands, South Atlantic.

Magellanic penguin, Sea Lion Island, Falkland Islands

King penguins, St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia, South Atlantic

A Chinstrap Penguin, Pygoscelis antarctica, at Hannah Point on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctic. Behind the penguin is lots of greenery, plants that are expanding as the Antarctic Peninsular warms as a result of climate change,

King Penguins on Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, with passengers from an expedition cruise.

King penguins (aptenodytes patagonicus) right whale bay, south georgia, lying down on rocky ground, close-up

King Penguins on Prion Island, South Georgia, Southern Ocean.

A Snowy Sheathbill, Chionis albus, in a King Penguin colony at Gold Harbour, South Georgia.

King Penguins head out to sea on a fishing trip past ice at Gold Harbour, South Georgia, Southern Ocean.

Macaroni penguin (eudyptes chrysolophus) hercules bay, south georgia, close-up showing crest feathers.

King Penguins in the world's second largest King Penguin colony on Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Southern Ocean.

A King Penguin sleeping in the world's second largest King Penguin colony on Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Southern Ocean.

King Penguins in the world's second largest King Penguin colony on Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Southern Ocean.

King Penguins at Gold Harbour, South Georgia, with passengers from an expedition cruise.

King Penguins in the world's second largest King Penguin colony on Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Southern Ocean.

King penguin (aptenodytes patagonicus) right whale bay, south georgia, close-up of head and neck

King Penguins at Gold Harbour, South Georgia, Southern Ocean.

King Penguins at Gold Harbour, South Georgia, with passengers from an expedition cruise.

Molting gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) feather detail in Antarctica

Adelie penguin chick (Pygoscelis adeliae) fledging its downy feathers for the adult feathers underneath on Devil Island, Antarctica.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent feeding downy chick on Pleneau Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) chick head detail at colony on Useful Island near the Antarctic Peninsula. There are an estimated 2 million breeding pairs of chinstrap penguins in the Antarctic peninsula region alone, perhaps as many as 7.5 million breeding pairs in all of Antarctica. Their name derives from the narrow black band under their heads which makes it appear as if they are wearing black helmets, making them one of the most easily identified types of penguin. Other names for them are "Ringed Penguins", "Bearded Penguins", and "Stonecracker Penguins" due to their harsh call. They grow to 68 cm (27 in). The average adult weight of a Chinstrap Penguin is 4.5 kg (10 lbs). Weight can range from 3 to 6 kg (6.6-13.2 lbs), with males being slightly larger and weight varying based on where the penguin is in the breeding cycle. Their diet consists of krill, shrimp, and fish. On land they build circular nests from stones, and lay two eggs, which are incubated by both the male and the female for shifts of five to ten days. They can also breed on icebergs, though they prefer non-icy conditions. The chicks hatch after about 35 days, and have fluffy gray backs and white fronts. The chicks stay in the nest for 20?30 days before they go to join a creche. At around 50?60 days old, they moult, gaining their adult plumage and go to sea. The Chinstrap Penguin was first described by German naturalist Forster in 1781. Its specific epithet was often seen as antarctica, however a 2002 review determined the genus Pygoscelis was masculine, and hence the correct binomial name is Pygoscelis antarcticus.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent with two downy chicks on Pleneau Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Head detail of molting gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) in Antarctica

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent with downy chick on Petermann Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

A lone molting adult chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) in tussock grass on Prion Island in the Bay of Isles near South Georgia Island, South Atlantic Ocean.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent with two downy chicks on Pleneau Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent with two downy chicks on Pleneau Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent feeding chicks on Petermann Island near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent feeding downy chick on Jougla Point, Wiencke Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Adult gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) nesting an egg on Petermann Island, Antarctica

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) chick in Antarctica

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) molting in Antarctica

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) molting in Antarctica

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) molting in Antarctica

Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) on the beach in tussock grass at Prion Island in the Bay of Isles on South Georgia Island, South Atlantic Ocean.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) molting in Antarctica

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) on the beach at Prion Island in the Bay of Isles on South Georgia Island, South Atlantic Ocean.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent feeding downy chick on Jougla Point, Wiencke Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) downy chick on Jougla Point, Wiencke Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent feeding chick on Petermann Island near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Adult Royal Penguin (Eudyptes Schlegeli). Sandy Bay, Macquarie Island, Subantarctic Australia

Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) parents with chick high on the caldera rim on Deception Island, Antarctica.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parents with downy chicks on Petermann Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent with downy chicks on Petermann Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) on the beach at Prion Island in the Bay of Isles on South Georgia Island, South Atlantic Ocean.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent feeding downy chick on Jougla Point, Wiencke Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent feeding downy chick on Pleneau Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent with chick on nest on Petermann Island near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Adult gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) returning from the sea reflected in a tidepool on Elephant Island in the South Shetland Island Group, Antarctica.

Adult gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) calling out in the Aitcho Island Group, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) downy chick near parent in the Aitcho Island Group, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.

Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) parent and chick at breeding colony on Useful Island near the Antarctic Peninsula

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent feeding two downy chick in the Aitcho Island Group near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) chick molting its downy feathers with adult plumage beneath on Devil Island near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent with downy chick on Pleneau Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) molting in Antarctica

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) on the beach at Prion Island in the Bay of Isles on South Georgia Island, South Atlantic Ocean.

Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) parents with chick high on the caldera rim on Deception Island, Antarctica.

King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) breeding and nesting colonies on South Georgia Island, Southern Ocean.

Guano-covered chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) chick at breeding colony on Useful Island near the Antarctic Peninsula

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent feeding downy chick on Jougla Point, Wiencke Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent with downy chicks on Petermann Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent with downy chick on Petermann Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) feeds chicks, breeding colony, Volunteer Point, Falkland Islands, South America

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) cools his body through elevated feet, partial view, Volunteer Point, Falkland Islands, Great Britain, South America

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) with chicks, breeding colony, Volunteer Point, Falkland Islands, South America

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) with chicks, breeding colony, Volunteer Point, Falkland Islands, South America

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) with chicks, breeding colony, Volunteer Point, Falkland Islands, South America

A nursery group of young penguin chicks, with thick grey fluffy coats, grouped beneath a pinnacle of ice, Weddell Sea, Snow Hill Island, Antarctica

A nursery group of Emperor penguin chicks, huddled together, looking around. A breeding colony, Weddell Sea, Snow Hill Island, Antarctica

An adult Emperor penguin with a small chick nuzzling up, and looking upwards, Weddell Sea, Snow Hill Island, Antarctica