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Emperor penguin chick and adults (Aptenodytes forsteri), Snow Hill Island, Weddell Sea, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri), chick and adults, Snow Hill Island, Weddell Sea, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Emperor penguin chicks (Aptenodytes forsteri), Snow Hill Island, Weddell Sea, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Emperor penguin chick and adults (Aptenodytes forsteri), Snow Hill Island, Weddell Sea, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Emperor penguin chick and adulta (Aptenodytes forsteri), Snow Hill Island, Weddell Sea, Antarctica, Polar Regions

An adult Southern rockhopper penguin pair, Eudyptes chrysocome, at rookery on New Island, Falkland Islands, South Atlantic Ocean

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonica) pair pre-mating behaviour, Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Polar Regions

Adult southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome), at breeding colony on West Point Island, Falklands, South America

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) breeding and nesting colony on South Georgia Island, Southern Ocean, Polar Regions

King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) at sunrise on South Georgia Island, Southern Ocean, Polar Regions

Adult rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) at breeding and molting colony on New Island, Falkland Islands

Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) at a breeding and molting site in Estancia San Lorenzo, Argentina

Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) at a breeding and molting site in Estancia San Lorenzo, Argentina

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) pair, changing places on nest, Damoy Point, Wiencke Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Adult chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) mating at Baily Head on Deception Island, Antarctica, Southern Ocean, Polar Regions

Adult rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) at breeding and molting colony on New Island, Falkland Islands

Adult rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) at breeding and molting colony on New Island, Falkland Islands

Adult rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) at breeding and molting colony on New Island, Falkland Islands

Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) at a breeding and molting site in Estancia San Lorenzo, Argentina

Adult chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica), mating at breeding colony on Half Moon Island, Antarctica, Polar Regions

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) breeding and nesting colony at St. Andrews Bay on South Georgia, Southern Ocean, Polar Regions

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) breeding and nesting colony at St. Andrews Bay on South Georgia, Southern Ocean, Polar Regions

King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) at breeding and nesting colony at Right Whale Bay, South Georgia, Polar Regions

Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae), in snow storm at breeding colony at Brown Bluff, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica), ecstatic display at breeding colony at Half Moon Island, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) pair resting in coastal habitat, Gypsy Cove, Falkland Islands, South America

A pair of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri), with an Adelie penguin near Snow Hill Island, Weddell Sea, Antarctica, Polar Regions

A pair of adult king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), courtship display on Saunders Island, Falklands, South America

A pair of chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarcticus), on Robert Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, Polar Regions

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) pair communicating, Damoy Point, Dorian Bay, Wiencke Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica, Polar Regions

A pair of adult king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), courtship display on Saunders Island, Falklands, South America

A pair of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri), crossing the ice near Snow Hill Island, Weddell Sea, Antarctica, Polar Regions

A pair of adult Galapagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus), on the rocks in Urbina Bay, Galapagos Islands, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Ecuador, South America

Adult king penguin pair (Aptenodytes patagonicus) at breeding colony at Gold Harbor, South Georgia Island, Polar Regions

Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), a pair of breeding penguins on their nest, Patagonia, Chile, South America

Gentoo penguin pair (Pygoscelis papua), mating at breeding colony site on Cuverville Island, Antarctica, Polar Regions

A pair of adult Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), near their burrow at Saunders Island, Falklands, South America

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonica) pair pre-mating behaviour, Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, Polar Regions

Rockhopper penguin (eudyptes chrysocome) new island, falkland islands, pair amongst the rocks, at nesting site.

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

A parent and chick Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) on Paulet Island on the Northeast side of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Adult emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) on sea ice near Snow Hill Island in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica.

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) chicks covered with mud and guano on Cuverville Island, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) split view underwater in the Galapagos Island Group, Ecuador

An adult Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) leaping into the sea to forage in the Danger Island Group in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica.

Curious king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) breeding and nesting colony at St. Andrews Bay on South Georgia, Southern Ocean.

Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) feeding underwater on small baitfish in the Galapagos Island Archipelago, Ecuador

Adult Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) split view underwater in the Galapagos Island Group, Ecuador

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) breeding and nesting colonies on South Georgia Island, Southern Ocean.

Adult Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) split view underwater in the Galapagos Island Group, Ecuador

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) parent feeding downy chick on Pleneau Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula.

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) chick head detail at colony on Useful Island near the Antarctic Peninsula. There are an estimated 2 million breeding pairs of chinstrap penguins in the Antarctic peninsula region alone, perhaps as many as 7.5 million breeding pairs in all of Antarctica. Their name derives from the narrow black band under their heads which makes it appear as if they are wearing black helmets, making them one of the most easily identified types of penguin. Other names for them are "Ringed Penguins", "Bearded Penguins", and "Stonecracker Penguins" due to their harsh call. They grow to 68 cm (27 in). The average adult weight of a Chinstrap Penguin is 4.5 kg (10 lbs). Weight can range from 3 to 6 kg (6.6-13.2 lbs), with males being slightly larger and weight varying based on where the penguin is in the breeding cycle. Their diet consists of krill, shrimp, and fish. On land they build circular nests from stones, and lay two eggs, which are incubated by both the male and the female for shifts of five to ten days. They can also breed on icebergs, though they prefer non-icy conditions. The chicks hatch after about 35 days, and have fluffy gray backs and white fronts. The chicks stay in the nest for 20?30 days before they go to join a creche. At around 50?60 days old, they moult, gaining their adult plumage and go to sea. The Chinstrap Penguin was first described by German naturalist Forster in 1781. Its specific epithet was often seen as antarctica, however a 2002 review determined the genus Pygoscelis was masculine, and hence the correct binomial name is Pygoscelis antarcticus.

Adult Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) split view underwater in the Galapagos Island Group, Ecuador

Adult emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) on sea ice near Snow Hill Island in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica.

Adult emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) on sea ice near Snow Hill Island in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica.

Adult Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) hunting fish underwater in the Galapagos Island Group, Ecuador

King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) breeding and nesting colonies on South Georgia Island, Southern Ocean.

Two yellow eyed penguins (Hoiho), (Megadyptes antipodes), Enderby Island, Auckland Islands, Sub-antarctic Islands, New Zealand, Southern Ocean.

Two Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) chicks enjoying childhood guarded by one of their parents. Petermann Island, Antarctica

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) chicks covered with mud and guano on Cuverville Island, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) hunting fish underwater in the Galapagos Island Group, Ecuador

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) split view underwater in the Galapagos Island Group, Ecuador

Adult Southern Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) in the Falkland Islands. This is the smallest yellow-crested, black-and-white penguin in the genus Eudyptes. It reaches a length of 45-58 cm (18-23 in) and typically weighs 2-3.4 kg (4.4-7.5 lb), although there are records of exceptionally large rockhoppers weighing 5 kg (11 lbs). Their common name refers to the fact that unlike many other penguins which negotiate obstacles by sliding on their bellies or by awkward climbing using their flipper-like wings as aid, Rockhoppers will try to jump over boulders and across cracks. This behavior is by no means unique to this species however - at least the other "crested" penguins of the genus Eudyptes hop around rocks too. Southern Rockhopper Penguins have a global population of roughly 1 million pairs, perhaps a bit more. About two-thirds of the global population belongs to E. c. chrysocome which breeds on the Falkland Islands and on islands off Argentina and southern Chile. The Southern Rockhopper Penguin is classified as Vulnerable species by the IUCN.

King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) mating behavior at breeding and nesting colony at St. Andrews Bay on South Georgia, Southern Ocean.

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult female leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) stalking, then killing and eating an adult gentoo penguin in Paradise Bay, Antarctica, Southern Ocean

Adult leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) Catching, flailing, and eating a chinstrap penguin at Point Wild on Elephant Island, South Shetland Islands, Southern Ocean