Close-up of shaman's snuff from the yopo tree, the bark of which is made into hallucinogenic powder by the Yanomami Indians in Brazil, South America

Yanomami man preparing hallucinogenic snuff, Brazil, South America

Wearing tree bark cloth masks and skirts, dancers representing fish spirits are invited during the season of the peach palm harvest to drink the juice. it is a feast and ritual exchange: the host group offers the spirits large quantities of peach palm juice, smoked meat and fish, and shaman-blessed coca and snuff. the visitors are the costumed dancers impersonating animal spirits. people eat the meat and fish, animal spirits receive the fruits of peach palm, which are cultivated, harvested, and processed by humans. this exchange expresses the idea that people and animals depend on each other for survival and reproduction. vaupes basin, eastern colombia amazon, population: 600

Candle Snuff Fungus Xylaria hypoxylon. Dixcart Woods, Sark, British Channel Islands

Candle Snuff Fungus (Xylaria hypoxylon). Dixcart Woods, Sark, British Channel Islands

Snuff flasks, glass museum, Frauenau, Bavarian Forest, Lower Bavaria, Bavaria, Germany

Snuff flasks, glass museum, Frauenau, Bavarian Forest, Lower Bavaria, Bavaria, Germany